Advanced Materials for Immunosensing of Pharmaceutical and Drug Compounds

Real-time and accurate levels of pharmaceuticals undertake critical effects in the therapy process. Thus, reliable detection of pharmaceuticals is important for regulating the proper concentration of them to enhance the effectiveness and to decrease possible side effects. However, the development of new reliable sensory systems is the main prerequisite for the mentioned aims. Immunosensors can be regarded as an effective tool due to their sensitivity and unique specificity originating from the intrinsic nature of the antigen-antibody interaction. This review reports material tendencies in the development of immunosensors for pharmaceuticals (veterinary and human) which have been reported in the last few years. Carbon-based (graphene, graphene oxide, carbon nanotubes, etc.), gold, and magnetic materials are the main materials for the fabrication of pharmaceutical immunosensors. Also, this review reports benefits and limitations on the reported immunosensor and mechanism and analytical performance of the immunoplatforms to address future researches.