Advancements in Agronomic Practices for Sustainable Crop Production: A Review

This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the advancements in agronomic practices that contribute to sustainable crop production. In the context of escalating global food demand, climate change, and environmental concerns, sustainable agriculture has become a pivotal focus. This paper systematically examines the evolution of agronomic practices from traditional methods to contemporary innovations, highlighting the integration of technology, sustainability, and socio-economic factors in modern agriculture. The historical perspective of agronomic practices reveals a transition from rudimentary, labor-intensive methods to technologically driven, precision-based approaches. Traditional practices, while sustainable, often faced limitations in scalability and efficiency. The advent of the Green Revolution marked a significant shift, introducing high-yield crop varieties and synthetic inputs. However, the long-term ecological impacts of these methods prompted a reevaluation towards more sustainable practices. Contemporary advancements in agronomy are largely characterized by precision agriculture, which employs satellite and drone technology, sensor-based monitoring systems, and AI applications. These tools have revolutionized farming by enabling precise resource management and data-driven decision-making. In tandem, the rise of organic farming and integrated pest management reflects a growing emphasis on ecological balance and reduced chemical inputs. The paper also delves into the crucial role of education and extension services in disseminating modern agronomic knowledge, particularly in developing regions. Government policies and international regulations are analyzed for their impact on promoting sustainable practices. Additionally, the review addresses the vital aspect of environmental sustainability, focusing on strategies for carbon footprint reduction, biodiversity preservation, and ecosystem services enhancement. Technological innovations, especially in genetics and digital tools, are identified as key drivers in shaping future agronomic practices. The potential of CRISPR in crop improvement and the application of big data and IoT in farming are discussed as future trends.