Congenital Atrioventricular Block in an Adolescent Female: A Case Report

Introduction: Congenital atrioventricular block (CAVB) is a rare cardiac condition characterized by impaired electrical conduction between the atria and ventricles. We present a case report of an 18-year-old female patient with no significant medical history admitted to the cardiology department with complete atrioventricular block.

Case Presentation: The patient presented with a two-week history of syncope episodes without chest pain or other symptoms, alongside preserved general condition. Physical examination revealed bradycardia (40 bpm) and confirmed complete atrioventricular block on electrocardiogram. Transthoracic echocardiography showed preserved ejection fraction with no significant valvular disease. Laboratory investigations and serological tests were conducted to exclude underlying pathologies, with negative results. Subsequently, the patient underwent implantation of a double-chamber pacemaker.

Discussion: The case highlights the diagnostic challenges and management strategies associated with congenital atrioventricular block. While congenital and acquired causes should be considered, the absence of identifiable risk factors and negative serological markers suggested a congenital etiology in this case. Management typically involves pacemaker implantation to restore normal heart rhythm and prevent complications. Regular follow-up is essential for monitoring device function and detecting potential complications.

Conclusion: Congenital atrioventricular block is a rare but potentially serious condition that requires prompt diagnosis and management. Pacemaker implantation is the cornerstone of treatment to prevent complications and improve patient outcomes. Further research is needed to better understand the pathophysiology and optimize treatment strategies for this complex cardiac disorder.